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History of the United States by George Bancroft (6
Volumes)
Volume 1
Part 2 British America Attains Geographical
Unity
Chapter 14 New Netherland, New Jersey, and New
York
Under Lord Lovelace,
who, in May, 1667, succeeded him, the same system was more fully developed. In
1669, even the Swedes and Finns, the most patient of all emigrants, were roused
to resistance. "The method for keeping the people in order is severity, and
laying such taxes as may give them liberty for no thought but how to discharge
them:" such was the remedy proposed in the instructions from Lovelace to his southern subordinate, and
carried into effect by an arbitrary tariff.
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Volume 1
Part 2 British America Attains Geographical
Unity
Chapter 17 James II Consolidates the Northern
Colonies
In November, some months after the
province of Sagadahock -- that is, Maine east of the Kennebec -- had been
protected by a fort and a considerable garrison, Andros hastened to England; but
he could not give eyes to the duke; and, on his return to New York, in 1675, he
was ordered to continue the duties which, at the surrender, had been established
for three years. In 1679, the revenue was a little increased; but the taxes were
hardly three per cent on imports, and really insufficient to meet the expenses
of the colony; and an attempt to thwart the discipline of the Dutch Reformed
church by the prerogative had been abandoned. As in the days of Lovelace, the province was "a terrestrial
Canaan. The inhabitants were blessed in their basket and their store. They were
free from pride; and a wagon gave as good content as in Europe a coach, their
home-made cloth as the finest lawns. The doors of the low-roofed houses, which
luxury never entered, stood wide open to charity and to the stranger." The
island of New York may, in 1678, have contained not far from three thousand
inhabitants; in the whole colony there could not have been far from twenty
thousand. Ministers were scarce but welcome, and religions many; the poor were
relieved, and beggars unknown. A thousand pounds seemed opulence; the possessor
of half that sum was rich. The exports were land productions -- wheat, lumber,
tobacco -- and peltry from the Indians. In the community, composed essentially
of freeholders, great equality of condition prevailed; there were but "few
merchants," "few servants, and very few slaves." Prompted by an exalted
instinct, the people, in a popular convention, demanded power to govern
themselves; and when, in 1651, the two Platts, Titus, Wood, and Wicks, of
Huntington, arbitrarily summoned to New York, were still more arbitrarily thrown
into prison, the purpose of the yeomanry remained unshaken.
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Volume 2
Part 3 Colonization of the West and of Georgia
Chapter 2 The Middle States After the
Revolution
Lord Cornbury, more successful
than any patriot, had taught New York the necessity and the methods of incipient
resistance. The assembly, which, in April, 1709, met Lord Lovelace,
his short-lived successor, began the contest that was never to cease but with
independence. The crown demanded a permanent revenue, without appropriation; New
York henceforward would raise only an annual revenue, and appropriate it
specifically. That province was struggling to make the increase of the power of
the assembly an open or tacit condition of every grant. The provincial revenue,
as established by law, would not expire till 1709; but the war demanded
extraordinary supplies; and, in 1704, the moneys voted by the assembly were to
be disbursed by its own officers. The royal council, instructed from England,
would have money expended only on the warrant of the governor and council; but
the delegates resolved that "it is inconvenient to allow the council to amend
money bills;" and council, governor, and board of trade yielded to the fixed
will of the representatives of the people. In 1705, the assembly was allowed by
the queen "to name their own treasurer, when they raised extraordinary
supplies;" by degrees all legislative grants came to be regarded as such, and to
be placed in the keeping of the treasurer of the assembly, beyond the control of
the governor. In 1708, the delegates, after claiming for the people the choice
of coroners, made a solemn declaration that "the levying of money upon her
majesty's subjects in this colony, under any pretence whatsoever, without
consent in general assembly, is a grievance;" and, in 1709, as the condition of
joining in an effort against Canada, the legislature assumed executive
functions. In the same year, by withholding grants, they prepared to compel
their future governors to an annual capitulation.
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